Glycocholic Acid MaxSpec Standard

Glycocholic acid is a glycine-conjugated form of the primary bile acid cholic acid (Item No. 20250) and has roles in the emulsification of fats.{48223,54310} It reduces expression of the gene encoding the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and increases expression of the genes encoding the bile acid receptors TGR5 and S1PR2 in SNU-245 cells when used at a concentration of 1.6 ?mol/ml.{54311} Glycocholic acid (250 ?M) increases the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of epirubicin (Item No. 12091) in Caco-2 cells, as well as decreases expression of the genes encoding multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), MDR-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and MRP2 when used alone or in combination with epirubicin.{54312} It increases absorption of epirubicin into everted sacs of rat ileum and jejunum when used at a concentration of 250 ?M. The bile acid composition ratio of glycocholic acid is elevated in the bile of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with patients with pancreatic cancer or benign biliary diseases.{54311} Serum levels of glycocholic acid are elevated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma compared with healthy individuals.{54310} Glycocholic acid MaxSpec® standard is a quantitative grade standard of glycocholic acid (Item No. 20276) that has been prepared specifically for mass spectrometry and related applications where quantitative reproducibility is required. The solution has been prepared gravimetrically and is supplied in a deactivated glass ampule sealed under argon. The concentration was verified by comparison to an independently prepared calibration standard. This glycocholic acid MaxSpec® standard is guaranteed to meet identity, purity, stability, and concentration specifications and is provided with a batch-specific certificate of analysis. Ongoing stability testing is performed to ensure the concentration remains accurate throughout the shelf life of the product. Note: The amount of solution added to the vial is in excess of the listed amount. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately measure volumes for preparation of calibration standards. Follow recommended storage and handling conditions to maintain product quality.