Trigonelline (chloride)

Trigonelline is an alkaloid that has been found in L. japonicus and an active metabolite of niacin that has diverse biological activities.{66006,66009,66007,66008} It increases levels of the brown fat marker proteins PRDM16, PGC-1?, and UCP1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes when used at a concentration of 75 µM.{66006} Trigonelline inhibits degranulation of, and decreases the production of IL-6 and TNF-? in, activated primary mouse bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs).{66009} In vivo, trigonelline (200 mg/kg) reduces serum IgE levels, pulmonary immune cell infiltration, and mucus secretion in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. It reduces serum levels of IL-1?, IL-6, IL-18, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and renal cell apoptosis, as well as increases protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? (PPAR?) in a rat model of high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.{66007} Trigonelline (50 mg/kg) reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis, induces hepatic autophagy, and prevents weight gain, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in a mouse model of high-cholesterol and high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).{66008}