Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also known as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), is a phorbol ester and PKC activator.{57446,57447,57448,57449,57450} It activates the PKC isoforms PKC?, -?, -?, -?, -?, -?, and -? but not PKC? or -?/?.{57447} PMA (1-10 ng/ml) induces NF-?B-dependent gene expression in a reporter assay.{57448} It promotes the differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into pro-inflammatory macrophages, as well as induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), in vitro.{57449,57450} PMA, in combination with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA; Item No. 30383), promotes papilloma formation in a rat two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis.{58177}